Results¶
-
class
trueq.
Results
(value=None, n_measurements=None, dim=None)¶ A dictionary-like class which keeps track of measurement results for a single circuit that was run on quantum hardware or a simulator. This is stored as a map from bitstrings to corresponding counts.
Here are some examples:
from trueq import Results # here we have 3 total measurements in the circuit, meaning we # have to have a bitstring of length 3 res = Results() res['000'] = 1000 res['100'] = 5 # unary addition with another (compatible) Results-like object is supported res += {'100': 5, '110': 100} res
Results({'000': 1000, '100': 10, '110': 100})
from trueq import Results # here we have 2 total measurements in the circuit res = Results(n_measurements=2) # we can also index this using the decimal representation of the number # so in the case of 2 total measurements, we can index, 0, 1, 2, 3. # This only works if either measurements are already present, or # n_measurements is specified on instantiation. res[0] = 30 res[3] += 30 res
Results({'00': 30, '11': 30})
Note
This class works for ditstrings as well as bitstrings, for \(d<10\). However, for simplicity, this documentation refers to bitstrings throughout.
Dimension can be specified at instantiation, but this dimension will be silently increased if bitstrings with larger numbers get inserted. For example, putting a bitstring of
'002'
in will mean the dimension will be at least 3, even if it was only 2 previously.- Parameters
value (
dict
-like) – A dictionary-like object containing bitstrings and counts, see above examples.n_measurements (
int
|None
) – The number of measurements present. This is inferred ifNone
provided. If not provided, the first measurement added sets this value. Using integer-based indexing of the results will not work unless either this number is specified, or has been inferred through another means.dim (
int
) – The dimension of the systems, which defaults to 2 for qubits. This number will automatically increase if bitstrings with larger values are used.
- Raises
ValueError – If the
dim
value provided is greater than 9.
-
get
(bitstring)¶ Gets the value associated with a given bitstring, if none is found, returns 0.
Bitstrings must match the number of measurements in the Results, this can be checked with
n_measurements
- Parameters
bitstring (
int
|str
) – A valid bitstring orint
, such as'101'
or5
.- Return type
int
-
reset
()¶ Resets all counts to 0, but leaves measurement positions intact. Resets
last_modified
toNone
.
-
property
last_modified
¶ The timestamp of the last modification to these results, which is automatically set whenever the results are modified. The automatically set value is the current UTC time in the ISO string format. This timestamp can also be set manually, in which case any subsequent changes to the results will _not_ cause this timestamp to automatically change. Results that have never had counts added will have a value of
None
.from trueq import Results r = Results() print(r.last_modified is None) # automatically update the timestamp r["00"] = 5 print(r.last_modified) # manually update the timestamp r.last_modified = "2019-10-02T00:00:00.0" print(r.last_modified) # we've adjusted it manually, so it is no longer automatically updated r["01"] = 2 print(r.last_modified)
True 2021-03-31T17:04:04.801970 2019-10-02T00:00:00.0 2019-10-02T00:00:00.0
- Type
str
|None
-
property
dim
¶ The system dimension; 2 for qubits, 3 for qutrits, etc.
- Type
int
-
property
vec
¶ Returns a vector representation of the results.
from trueq import Results res = Results(n_measurements=2) res[0] = 10 res[3] = 30 res.vec
array([10, 0, 0, 30])
- Type
numpy.ndarray
- Raises
ValueError – If the
n_measurements
exceeds theMAX_VEC_SYS
value, which can be manually adjusted.
-
property
n_measurements
¶ Returns the total number of measurements, i.e. the length of each bitstring.
- Type
int
-
property
n_shots
¶ Returns the total number of shots present.
This is useful in the normalization of the results.
from trueq import Results res = Results(n_measurements=2) res[0] = 10 res[3] = 30 res.n_shots
40
- Type
int
-
sort
(by_value=True)¶ Sorts the keys of the results in-place, either by value or by bitstring.
- Parameters
by_value (
bool
) – If this is true, sort the results with the largest number of counts at the beginning of the results. If this is false, sort the results by the bitstring value, i.e.'00'
,'01'
,'10'
,'11'
.
-
marginal
(positions)¶ Returns a new
Results
object obtained by marginalizing this results object over the specified positions. The order of positions is respected, so this method can also be used to create a copy with reordered bitstrings.from trueq import Results res = Results({"0110": 15, "0111": 35}) print(res.marginal([1, 2])) print(res.marginal([0, 3]))
Results({'11': 50}) Results({'00': 15, '01': 35})
- Parameters
positions (
Iterable
) – A list of bitstring position indexes to keep in the new results object.- Return type
-
from_vec
(vec)¶ Sets the bitstring counts from a given vector having a length which is a power of the system dimension.
from trueq import Results Results().from_vec([0.5, 0, 0, 0.5])
Results({'00': 0.5, '11': 0.5})
- Parameters
vec (
Iterable
) – A vector whose length is a power of the system dimension.- Returns
This instance.
- Return type
- Raises
ValueError – If the
vec
length is incompatible with the number of measurements.
-
subsample
(n_shots, copy=True)¶ Randomly chooses a subset of shots. This is done uniformly and without replacement.
- Parameters
n_shots (
int
) – The number of shots to subsample, must be no bigger than the number of shots present.copy (
bool
) – IfTrue
, a new copy of the results will be made and returned, otherwise, the operation will happen in-place.
- Return type
- Raises
ValueError – If the number of shots to subsample exceeds the number of shots.
TypeError – If the Results values are not integers.
-
tvd
(other, multinomial=None, n_samples=2000)¶ Computes the total variational distance (TVD) between these results and another
Results
object. Each result object is treated as an empirical probability distribution by dividing each value by the sum of all values. The TVD between two probabality vectors \(p\) and \(q\) is given by\[\operatorname{tvd}(p,q) = \sum_i |p_i - q_i| / 2.\]from trueq import Results r1 = Results({"00": 50, "11": 50}) r2 = Results({"00": 498, "11": 492, "01": 1, "10": 9}) print(r1.tvd(r2)) # here, both results sum to 1 so there is assumed to be no multinomial # sampling error, and hence the variance is reported at 0. r1 = Results({"00": 0.5, "11": 0.5}) r2 = Results({"00": 0.498, "11": 0.492, "01": 0.001, "10": 0.009}) print(r1.tvd(r2))
(0.010000000000000005, 0.0313714225660341) (0.010000000000000005, 0.0)
If one or both of these results are assumed to come from a multinomial distribution sampled from some true underlying probabilties (which will in practice usually be the (noisy) measurement probabilities of some final state of a quantum circuit), then the TVD itself is also a random variable. This function reports an estimate of the variance of the TVD, along with the TVD itself described above, as follows.
First, this result object and/or the
other
result object are determined to be multinomial samples ifn_shots
is different than 1. However, this can be overridden by the argumentmultinomial
.To estimate the variance of the TVD, for this result object and/or the
other
result object (whichever are classified as multinomial by the above criteria),n_samples
samples are drawn from the posterior distribution\[\operatorname{Dirichlet}(x)\]where \(x\) is a vector of result counts, and where the prior distribution in this model is the non-informative improper prior \(\operatorname{Dirichlet}(0)\). The standard deviation returned by this method is the standard deviation of the TVD of these samples with the samples or values of the
other
results object.- Parameters
other (
Results
) – Another results object to compute the TVD with.multinomial (
Iterable
) – A pair of boolean values(self_multi, other_multi)
which specify whether these results and/or the other results should be treated as multinomial samples, thereby contributing to estimated standard deviation. The default value ofNone
results in the behaviour explained above.n_samples (
int
) – The number of Dirichlet samples to use in the estimation ofstd
.
- Returns
A pair
(tvd, std)
wheretvd
is the TVD andstd
is an estimate of its standard deviation.- Return type
tuple
- Raises
ValueError – If the result objects are not compatible with one another, where either the dimension or number of measurements do not match.
-
decompiled_results
(pauli)¶ Returns a new results object where the outcomes are flipped for each qubit where the given pauli is
'X'
or'Y'
.- Parameters
pauli (
str
) – A pauli string that specifies which bits to flip.- Return type
- Raises
NotImplementedError – If called on anything other than bitstrings.
ValueError – If the input
pauli
does not match then_measurements
.
-
to_dict
()¶ Returns a dictionary representation of a
Results
object. This dictionary representation contains only base Python classes.- Return type
dict
-
plot
(sparse_cutoff=True, axis=None)¶ Plots a bar graph of these results.
from numpy.random import randint from trueq import Results Results().from_vec(randint(0, 100, 32)).plot()
- Parameters
sparse_cutoff (
bool
|float
) – Optional cutoff for plotting small values. By default this isTrue
, and will not plot values bigger than \(1/s^2\), where \(s\) is the number of possible ditstrings for \(s>256\). IfFalse
, no cutoff is applied. The cutoff can be set manually by inputing a float.axis (
matplotlib.Axis
|None
) – An existing axis to plot on, orNone
to create a new one.